Comparing arts and science

The foundation of many things such as technology and medicine come from the oldest works of science. It is necessary to have a general understanding of this foundation to have a greater understanding of a finer field of science. On the other hand, in literature, there is no prior foundation knowledge needed to comprehend the newest and oldest works. Even though this is true, by nature, in literature, most the time, one will prefer read older works. This is not always true, though, at times some may to prefer the newest. In science, most the time, one will read newest works first but not always. To that end, I agree with following quote from Baron Lytton in most cases; â€Å"In science, read, by preference, the newest works: in literature, the oldest. † There are some cases where one may prefer to read newer works of literature and there are cases where one may prefer to read older works but in most cases in literature, read, by preference, the newest works. The following three examples illustrate where in literature one may or may not prefer to read newer or older works. The first example in literature is drama. In drama it depends weather you are trying to read to educate yourself or if you are reading/viewing for pleaser. In the first case you may want to educate yourself with older works first. In the second case you may want to read newer works for pleasure. The second example in literature is poetry. In poetry one's preference is open to choose any type of work. Poetry is timeless and because of this there is no incentive to read older or newer works. In this case the preference in neutral. The last example in literature is a novel. Most people prefer to read older works when it comes to novels. Most people read older novels because it is established work and has a high level of credibility. The oldest work is recognized and most people prefer to read it over newer works. With this being said, overall, in literature, one prefers to read the oldest works. This is most likely true because it is a generational thing where the work is passed down from one generation to another and there is no desire or necessity for change. Similarly, in science, there are some cases where one may prefer to read newer works and there are cases where one may prefer to read older works. This first case where is it is usually necessary to read the oldest works in science is in theoretical, psychological and social science. The next couple examples illustrate where one will prefer to read oldest works. The first example is in the biological fields such as medical and pharmaceutical. In order to practice or study either of these fields you must read and understand the foundation science behind it. If someone wants to have a good understanding of this field they need to read the older works. They must gain this understanding first then they may work towards newer works. Similarly, another example is the study of matter, energy, and space. If you are going to read about this subject matter you will most likely prefer to read the oldest works first and then move to the newer works. To make advances in this field a person must have a good understanding of the foundation science. In contrast, when it comes to practical science, it is usually preferred to read the newest works in science. There are a few examples the help demonstrate where in practical or â€Å"applied† science one may prefer to read the newest works. The first example is in medicine and surgery; here the preference is to read the newest so the person can use the latest science available to them. They also prefer to read the newest works so that can make further advances in the field. Similarly, in technological and business processes, one will read the newest works so they can apply them to their every day operations. As it is illustrated, in science, it may be preferred to read oldest works or it may be preferred to read newest works but in most cases the latter is preferred. In science, since we have the required foundation knowledge our preferences are forced. We are required and must read some of the oldest works first. Then after gaining that preliminary knowledge, one may prefer to read the newest works instead of older. To compare this with literature this is quite contrary. In literature there is no foundation level required. This implies there is no forced preference to read older or newer works. One may choose to read the oldest works but this is not always true. There tends to be less of a preference overall for literature comparatively; sometimes it makes sense to read older sometimes newer if often depends on type. In conclusion, I agree to an extent that â€Å"In science, read, by preference, the newest works: in literature, the oldest†. There is a certain scale and balance that exists when observing ones preference. The scale tilts enough to the for me to say that I agree with it even though it is not always true. There is always going to be new literature and there is always going to be new works in science. No matter what works come out in the future it can be assumed that this trend will continue. People will always tend to prefer to read older literature and people will always prefer to read newer works of science. This tends to be built into people's nature and it uncontrollable.

Indiana Jones: Raiders of the Lost Ark Hero’s Journey Analysis Essay

Ordinary World In the first opening scene we see is Indiana Jone’s whip in his pocket. Then we see the hat from behind and that is when the die-hard Indiana Jones fans realize that they are witnessing the entrance of a great hero. The ordinary world for Indiana Jones is really not that boring at all. He is constantly hit on by many undergraduates that he teaches in his Archaeology class. A prime example being an extremely attractive undergraduate girl closes her eye lids to display the message â€Å"LOVE YOU.† The Call The call to action in this movie was when the two federal agents came to enlist the help of Indiana Jones to acquire the Ark of the Covenant. Indiana Jones informs them of the history behind the Ark and is informed that the Nazis have found Tanis the last known location of the Ark. Jones informs the federal agents that he is no expert on the subject of Ark myth, but they should be asking Abner Ravenwood. Ravenwood collected many relics of Tanis including the head piece to the Staff of Ra. The head piece is the key to finding the Well of Souls where the Ark is kept. The Refusal Indiana Jones is gung ho about embarking on his quest to find the Ark of the Covenant. Marcus Brody, the head curator of the National Museum tells Jones that is might not be a good idea to go seeking the Ark. Brody expresses his convern when he says, â€Å"Well, I mean that for nearly three thousand years man has been searching for the lost ark. It’s not something to be taken lightly. No one knows its secrets. It’s like nothing you’ve ever gone after before.† Jones tells Brody not to worry, for he does not believe in the supernatural.† Meeting the Mentor This movie has a slight twist in terms of meeting the mentor. The mentor, Abner Ravenwood is mentioned but we never get to meet him, for Jones and he had a falling out many years prior. Jones later meets up with Sollah who guides him through Egypt. Crossing the Threshold In this movie, however, Jones goes to Nepal to go see Marion, Abner Ravenwoods’ daughter, to obtain the head piece to the Staff of Ra. Accomplishing this task is not easy for Jones because a romantic encounter he had with Marion years earlier. Test Allies & Enemies Indiana Jones is greeted quite rudely when he enters through Marion’s door she says, â€Å"Always knew someday you’d come back through my door!† and then proceeds to punch him, â€Å"In the last ten years, I learned to hate you. I was a child. You knew what you were doing.† Jones finds out that his mentor is dead. He gives her money to buy the head piece, and she tells him to come back tomorrow to retrieve it. After Jones leaves the bar, agents from the German Gustapo looking for the head piece. They subdue her and threaten to burn her with a hot poker in order to torture her for information about the whereabouts the head piece. Right as they are about to start the torment Jones comes in and saves her by whipping out the hot poker out of the tormentor’s hands. The hot poker lights the curtains ablaze resulting in the head piece heating up. The head Gustapo officer grabs the medallion and burns his hands in the process. Marion then pays back the favor to Jones by shooting an assailant saving Jones’ life. She looks and turns to Jones and says, â€Å"I’m your god damned partner!† At this point a partnership has been formed and we have Jones’ first major ally in the quest to find the Ark. The Approach * They arrive in Cairo in Egypt, where they meet up with Sollah, and an old colleague of Jone’s. * Rene Belloch is running the archaeological dig in Tannis * The Germans have found the map room that Jones had mentioned before, but cannot find the location to the Well of Souls without the head piece. * Sollah acts as their guide and warns them of the dangers * â€Å"The Ark. If it is there, at Tanis, then it is something that man was not meant to disturb. * Death has always surrounded it. It is not of this earth.† – Sollah * Jones and Marian start to rekindle their relationship * They are attacked by the Nazis and Jones throws Marion in a basket to keep her safe from harm * While hiding in the basket the monkey hops on the top cover of the basket, giving her position away * Indiana Jones seeks out Marion but is unable to find her * He shoots the explosives truck and the truck explodes which leads Jones to believe that Marian is dead * He meets up with Sollah after and they come to the conclusion that they only have one side of the head piece * The Nazis are digging in the wrong place * Sollah and Jones realize they do not have much time, for they must get to the map room around 9:00am when the sun hits the map room * The sun shines through and points them to the location where they must dig * Jones goes to Balloch’s tent and finds Marion * Jones promises to come back for her after he retrieves the Ark * They find the entrance to the Well of Souls when they are ambushed by Belloch and his Nazi cohorts Supreme Ordeal Jones is locked inside with Marion in the Well of Souls. The floor is covered with snakes which makes this even more excruciating for Jones. Snakes are Jones’ worst fear and he despises them with a passion. At this point it seems as if all hope is lost, but Jones and Marion manage to escape the Well of Souls and try to flee the archeological dig site at Tannis. The Reward After a fistfight with a giant Nazi mechanic, blowing up an airplane on the airstrip, and chasing down a fleet of trucks, Jones takes back the Ark before it can be shipped to Berlin. He obtains what he was looking for all along plus he has Marion by his side, which is what he really wanted all along. The Road Back Indiana and Marion leave Cairo to escort the Ark to England on board a steam boat. The next day, their boat is breached by Belloch, and the Nazis, who once again steal the Ark and kidnap Marion. Indiana stows away on their U-boat and follows them to an isolated island where Belloch plans to test the power of the Ark before presenting it to Hitler. Indiana reveals himself and threatens to destroy the Ark with a rocket-propelled grenade launcher, but Belloch calls his bluff, knowing Jones cannot bear to eradicate an important historical artifact. The Resurrection Indiana surrenders and is tied to a post with Marion as Belloch performs a ceremonial opening of the Ark, which appears to contain nothing but sand. Belloch’s Nazi cohorts start laughing thinking they had just wasted their time. Suddenly, angels start to emerge from the Ark. Aware of the supernatural danger of looking at the opened Ark, Indiana warns Marion to close her eyes. The apparitions suddenly morph into gruesome creatures of death, and lightning bolts and burst of fire and flame begin flying out of the Ark, killing the Nazi soldiers, while Belloch and the rest of the commanding officers meet their fates as well. Return with Elixir Indiana and Brody ask about the whereabouts of the ark and are informed by the federal agents that the Ark â€Å"is someplace safe† to be studied by â€Å"top men†. The Ark is sealed in a wooden crate and stored in a giant government warehouse in Area 51 filled with countless similar crates.

Christian Science Monitor Essay

An article in the Christian Science Monitor last January tries to educate consumers about the value of carbon offset programs and whether they have any real effect on global warming. The article, published January 10, 2007, discusses the concept of carbon offsets and the efforts of some companies to become carbon neutral. The ideal are based on the idea that as consumers we emit a certain amount of greenhouse gases or are responsibility for having been emitted. In an effort to reduce that amount, the so-called â€Å"Carbon footprint†, consumers are being offered the chance to buy â€Å"carbon offsets†, a process by which a company takes some action to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases being emitted. If enough offsets are purchased, the person or company can become â€Å"carbon neutral† meaning that their actions are not increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the world. This article, â€Å"Do Carbon Offsets Live Up to Their Promise? †, is about the first report by someone trying to evaluate whether this is a good environmental effort or a giant fraud. The report, by the non-profit organization Clean Air-Cool Planet, argues that three-quarters of the 30 companies currently selling carbon offsets are doing a less than mediocre job of it. The companies were ranked on a scale of 1 to 10, 75 percent ranked less than a five. The article also details what criteria were used to evaluate the carbon offset programs. The intended reader of this article is the highly-informed readership of the Christian Science Monitor. The newspaper is one of the most well-respected in the country for journalistic excellence and assumes a certain amount of base knowledge in its readership. As such, the article could have been better at explaining some of the basic terms it used, but appeared to be scientifically accurate. Surprisingly, many of the article’s sources were people active in the environmental community. This would seem like an inherent bias in the article, but many of those people were willing to point out flaws in the carbon offset system. One representative of the Sierra Club told the Monitor that if carbon offsets were viewed like papal indulgences and people used them as an excuse to keep polluting, they could potentially be harmful to the planet. The article was also peppered with scientific facts including the idea that methane is a more dangerous greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide without feeling like a science lecture. This article made me angry because it seemed to make it clear that carbon offsets are a sham. The article indicated that one criteria of the evaluation done by Clean Air-Cool Planet was to determine how many of these greenhouse gas reducing activities would have taken place regardless of whether the offsets were purchased. For companies who use producing alternate fuel sources as a carbon offset, it appears that this new trend is simply a way to capitalize their projects and make even more money. Other companies called planting trees their â€Å"carbon offset†. Since trees are a renewable resource, I am skeptical about when and where these trees were being planted. If they were planted to replace a forest that had just been clear cut for the local paper mill, then calling them a â€Å"carbon offset† is fraudulent and ridiculous. This article made me very leery of those who use carbon offsets in general, as it appears that this may indeed be a way for the indulgent to continue their polluting ways, never change their lifestyles to reflect the needs of the planet, and feel better about themselves while nothing is being done to stop global warming. This article left me with the impression that much of the hype about stopping global warming has been just that, hype, and that we will realize in a few years that the problem is getting exponentially worse despite our â€Å"efforts† to fix it.

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 18

Case Study - Essay Example As can be seen from the market concentration of the web browser industry it is majorly covered by two players with Microsoft and Mozilla Firefox covering 84.7% market share. The entry and exit barriers are relatively higher and the product is mostly homogenous across all companies without much differentiation. This suggests an oligopolistic nature of the web browser industry. The companies are dependent upon others and shall take other companies actions and counter-moves of other companies wile making decisions (Melvin and Boyes, 2002). The oligopolistic nature of the web browser industry implies that there is a chance that companies might indulge in collusion to stabilize the market position. In such a situation, the role of Competition Commissions become important to stop the formulation of cartels as it may hinder the growth of the market. In the case of web browser industry, Microsoft is bundling the web browser with its operating system, thereby giving less chances for other players to launch their web browser and earn profits. As a result of the skewed market share of the web browser industry, the smaller players in the market have to try hard to gain market share and find innovative ways of doing the same. The Web Browser Industry has performed exceedingly well with the rise in the internet and the world wide web. Over the last few years, Google Chrome has shown significant growth in the market share. The growth in the market share of Chrome has resulted in a drop in the market share of Microsoft web browser. Companies have made new revenue streams such as online marketing. The competition commissions in its decision said that it is necessary for Microsoft to show the browser choice screen. The reason stem from the fact that when the windows is shipped, it is boxed with the internet explorer which roled to many users not making use of other web browser. In order to provide a level playing ground for all the web browser providers, it is necessary

Concert review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Concert review - Essay Example What I experienced was not what I had expected. Upon first entering the concert I was immediately shocked by the people that I saw there. I had expected a lot of people that might go to a rave. I had expected that there might be a great deal of drug use among the concert goers. However, this was not the case. The person that felt the most out of place at the concert was defiantly me. I had quickly chosen my wardrobe for what might be co considered appropriate dress to a rock concert or any other form of traditional pop music concert. I had on jeans, a flannel shirt, and flip flops. However, the first thing I realized is that I was severely under dressed. Most of the concert goers I was greeted with had business or formal attire. As such, the concert provided a level of sophistication that my stereotypes had not predicted. Likewise, when the music started I was also surprised. I had expected driving beats and searing electronic sounds that categorized â€Å"techno† music as I understood it; however, what my ears were greeted by was anything but that. The DJ worked to mix the melodic female vocals with a variety of themes; none of which relied exclusively upon the driving bass that I had previously incorrectly labeled the performance. Likewise, the music was not what I would categorize as dance music. Due to the emphasis on melodic/upbeat lyrics, the music gave an ethereal quality to the experience; doubtless this is one of the reasons why the genre is called â€Å"trance†. In this way, I cannot say that I hated the style. Although it was something that I was not used to, I found myself enjoying the progressions and positivity that the music engendered. Furthermore, due to the dream-like state that the music induces, it was a shock to me when I realized how the time had flown by and it was already time to go home. If there was one thing that I could change about the concert it would

Competitive Strategies and Government Policies ECO 365 Essay

Competitive Strategies and Government Policies ECO 365 - Essay Example ype of merging in which two or more organizations, dealing in similar products, and operating in the same market combine to make a single organization. The reason why this type of merging has been affecting the industry is that it increases the competitiveness of organizations. According to Gerber (2010), changes in various aspects of the economy have great effects on the level of competition experienced in an industry. One of the changes that have greatly affected the motor vehicle manufacturing industry is the introduction of new government policies and regulations. Tax waives and regulations designed for encouraging global investments have resulted to emergence of new organizations in this industry. This has greatly affected the global competition in the industry. As a result, this industry has been facing an increased labor demand, reduced supply of resources, and lack of good relations with each other. Motor vehicle manufacturing could handle these identified points in various ways. This ways include improving service delivery and employing various types of merging. Organizations in this industry should employ horizontal, vertical, and conglomerate merging when expanding their operation. Another way is making organization’s policies to be in line with the government policies and regulations. The point of effects of global competition could be avoided through merging, acquisition, and

Identify an entrepreneurial or intrapreneurial venture that has Research Paper

Identify an entrepreneurial or intrapreneurial venture that has leveraged global and social media - Research Paper Example The company involved its business owners from the onset to close of their operations. The company attempted to avoid promotional messages to the clients but rather involve them in the entire process of business (Hibbard 1). Sandoval indicates that Microsoft covers over 100 countries; thus, has a responsibility to advance their social as well as economic opportunities (152). This, therefore, led to the sharing of Microsoft messages that touched on â€Å"Your Office, Your Terms† slogan which led to more likes on Facebook and follows on Twitter (Hibbard 1). What I liked the most about the Microsoft’s approach in leveraging social media is the incorporation of women in their campaigns as the women occupy a considerable percentage of the audience group (Hibbard 1). I also loved the aspect that the company opted not to focus on promotion messages but emphasized on the usability of the site and how to improve their experience of the site. This explains why the Microsoft campaign led to more likes than expected. The female executives were targeted, and through file sharing and web conferencing, their businesses grew with a huge margin. What was exceptional and effective about the Microsoft’s approach was the editorial calendar. This calendar as Hibbard indicates included the mix of women who are in businesses (1). Through this platform, the women were provided with a platform for making discussions and post their contributions as far as business deals were concerned. It is through this calendar that the company managed to publish the stories of about 30 women in less than two months. In their social media-based initiative, the venture achieved social action as opposed to the usual interactions (Hibbard 1). The bloggers and users of the social media sites of the Microsoft page were engaged in learning more from the site such as the women who were

West Indian Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

West Indian Literature - Essay Example Different authors have presented their own interpretations and preferences for what shape the Caribbean identity should take, but amongst the more prominent Caribbean authors there are those who want the improvement of the self for the uplift of the institutions and those who have a more historically oriented view. Both Derek Walcott and Wilson Harris have a desire for broader integration and fulfilment, but although Derek Walcott wants those from the Caribbean to boldly cease looking to their past in order to embrace the future, Wilson Harris appears to be somewhat fearful. This essay presents an examination of the debates about the Caribbean identity that are apparent in Caribbean literature and the evolution of Caribbean literary aesthetics by examining selected works of Derek Walcott and Wilson Harris. Caribbean literature has existed for centuries, but within the relatively recent past it has increased its worldwide acclaim and its mass of production. Both Derek Walcott and V. S. Naipaul were awarded the Nobel Prize in literature for their efforts which can be appreciated by anyone who has an interest in literature. Whereas Naipaul examines his Asian aspect of the Caribbean identity, Walcott presents a far more complex heritage and language in his poetry that presents the varied nuances of the Caribbean (Cudjoe, paragraph 23). Other writers have also made their contributions to the depiction of Caribbean aesthetics and culture by trying to define an identifiable cultural matrix within their works and some of the more prominent names that come to mind include Kamau Braithwaite, Erna Brodber, Wilson Harris and Olive Senior. Aesthetics refers to the branch of philosophy that deals with beauty and taste (Merriam-Webster, â€Å"aesthetics†). Thus, Caribbean aesthetics refers to that which is considered as being beautiful and worthy of distinction in the Caribbean region, especially

Security and Loss Prevention Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Security and Loss Prevention - Assignment Example Second, the internal control program will discourage the fraud-minded employees and management staff from implementing their illegal acts. Third, the company’s usual fraud and error occurrences will be reduced or even eliminated. Fourth, investors will have more confidence in a company that has a comprehensive internal control program in place. Last, companies can prepare more realistic financial statements will be prepared to the different stakeholders of the company (Hillison, 1999). There are several specific benefits of implementing the comprehensive control program. First, implementing a control program that includes allowing only authorized persons to enter the accounting office will prevent unauthorized persons from manipulating the accounting data in order to present false financial reports. False reports include presenting fraudulently presenting a higher sales amount compared to the actual sales figure. Second, one can specifically advise the company to implement pas swords to access all computer database and other computer software programs. For example, the use of passwords will similarly prevent the marketing manager from increasing the sales figure in order to show management that the sale management’s monthly sales quota was achieved. ... The use of passwords will identify to the person who altered accounting entries such as inventory amounts and sales amounts. Third, one can specifically advise the company that internal control will ensure financial statement balances are more reliable. Internal control will indicate the inventory balance is presented in the financial statements are more reliable compared to inventory reports where control programs are absent. Internal control procedure includes comparing the physical count of the inventory as basis for correcting reported inventory amounts shown in the inventory records. Internal control of having another person check the recording of the receivables accounts by comparing the sales invoices with the amounts recorded in the financial reports will ensure the accounts receivable balances are efficiently and effectively recorded on time and in the proper accounting periods (Bierstaker, 2006). Fourth, one can specifically advise the company that control program procedure s will ensure compliance with applicable government laws and regulations. For example, installing an accounting program that will automatically compute the taxes for each accounting period will prevent the accounting personnel from erroneously or fraudulently preparing a fraudulent or erroneous report. The erroneous or fraudulent report will indicate the company must pay a lower amount of taxes when compared to the computer generated higher actual tax liability. The internal control procedure includes ensuring the computer software is constantly updated to reflect the updated tax laws rates on income tax and other related business taxes (Bierstaker, 2006). In terms of detective control procedures, there are several procedures that must be

Service Project for Diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Service Project for Diabetes - Essay Example (CDC's Diabetes Program). Diabetes normally strikes persons above forty when the body system begins to slow down and physical activities decrease. A careless, sedentary lifestyle further aggravates the risks and complications arising out of this ailment. Lack of control and medication adversely affects the eyes, kidneys, heart, the nervous system and blood vessels. Diabetes can also be hereditary. The best way to prevent or control the disease is through a regimen of regular physical activities, diet and maintenance of normal blood sugar level and medical care. For type-2 diabetes, there are chances to delay or even prevent the development of the disease through modest lifestyle, regular routine of physical exercise and improved nutrition. (Nancy Jane Heilman, p.9). Economically backward and illiterate groups such as aborigines and tribes are more vulnerable to the ravages of the disease, since there is little to serve as inducements to incorporate changes to control and treat diabetes for healthier standard of living. The target Hispanic group in the South Valley District urgently need counseling and care in organized, time-bound manner so that they not only get access to medical care but also the opportunity to suitably modify their lifestyle necessary in controlling the disease. This is easier said than done among communities strongly rooted in age-old, traditional way of living However, it is very important to educate the community to alter their life style. A consistent schedule intertwining diet, physical activities and check up, daily follow up and feedback is bound to produce results. Initially, all activities must be geared to building relationship and winning the confidence of the community and learning their way of life. The cost factor The annual cost of treatment per patient works out to approximately US$3500 in tribal areas. Since the community is backward and poor, the cost must be borne by the health department through government and other donor grants. (The Provincial Diabetes Plan, p.8). Create awareness The purpose of the project is to reach diabetic patients within the Hispanic community and provide them with medical care and instructions on dietary intake and physical activities that help sustain a healthy lifestyle. It is critically important to educate them about the risk factors in the absence or avoidance of dietary controls and medical support. Further, inform them about the modifiable and non-modifiable aspects of diabetes, that is, certain factors like eating habits, stress, smoking and consumption of alcohol are modifiable, but hereditary, family history, gender and age are non-modifiable. To begin with, shortlist the names and other data of individuals displaying symptoms of diabetes from medical records available with primary health care centers and other health care agencies. Educating the community about diabetes is just as important as educating the individual patient. Besides, there are others who may not be diabetic but benefit from timely intervention to prevent the disease. Hospitals, dispensaries and other health care units' involvement is mandatory in order to successfully organize a 12-weeks'

British market for chocolate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

British market for chocolate - Essay Example The international as well as the national brand owners of chocolates in Britain are hugely concerned with tailoring their brands for local markets; and to meet the customer needs and desires. The customers in Britain market have a hard time describing their needs and desires regarding their choice and understanding for chocolateThere is just an imagination and desirable understanding to meet their needs by various chocolate brands. But various brands say that they’ve formulated the chocolate to suit the palate of British public which is more used to milk chocolates. Chocolate customers in Britain have started understanding of too much vegetable fat and sugar content in chocolates. Also, various manufacturers in other European countries have always been scathing of British chocolates for containing too little cocoa and too much vegetable fat. And the consumption is also slowing down as health and diet concerns are impacting sales. According to a market analyst Datamonitor the c ustomers now desire for low or â€Å"sugar-free and low carbohydrate products† and now the pace of growth in chocolate consumption is slated down. And the major players in the field – â€Å"Cadbury Schweppes, Masterfoods, and Nestle† have increasingly launched new low carbohydrate and sugar-free products. Customers of chocolate in Britain used to consider it as one of the â€Å"guilty pleasures†. But now it is no more considered so. ... (3) Now one of three British consumers (36%) want chocolates with health benefits and have understood the heath related issues connected to chocolate consumption. As per the European Consumer Survey conducted by Barry Callebaut - 'Predict Fast - Growing Demand for Healthy Chocolate', "38% consumers want chocolate with naturally reduced sugar". They also believe that chocolates can have positive psychological and physical influences on their well being - "6% of British consumers think it to be good for the memory", "23% think these boosts the morale and vitalises(20%) you", "15% think it is good for memory" and 7% consumers think that "it is good for the heart and the cardiovascular system." (4) Brand or Product Positioning of Chocolates in British Market In today's market, brands and their positioning has become the major issue. Brands are now increasingly thought to be powerful weapons to attract consumers and to make them loyal customers. Recently conducted survey by U.K's Centre for Brand Analysis (CBA) in July, 2008 proved a great flight of Green & Black brand and the drop down of many others as Mars which "fell out of the top 100, dropping 117 places to 175". Cadbury slid from 10th position to 19th whereas Lindt and Thornton's both rose up with Thornton's moving to 18th position. And it has been concluded by CBA that the brands which want to remain fighting in the field of chocolate should firmly possess the most valuable asset - the dark chocolate, but fairly sweet and of low sugar for British consumers. Mintel, the analyst stated that, "even though people are still cutting back on the amount of chocolate they eat, sales in the two years to 2007 saw no less than 10 percent increase in

Formal Analysis Essay Example for Free

Formal Analysis Essay â€Å"My spirit takes journey, my spirit takes flight, could not have risen otherwise I am not running I am choosing. † Alike is an intelligent and poetically talented 17 year old girl. On the surface, Dee Rees’s Pariah (2011), is the coming of age story of African-American lesbian, Alike. Growing up in a traditional household that is sexually repressed and a society that is hateful towards her for being homosexual she finds solace in poetry and academics. Through her plight, the film intelligently layers the dark themes associated with the struggles of a gay teenager growing up in the inner city- gender, sexuality, family relations, hate, religion, ignorance, etc. But the film is very hopeful in that it contrasts the dark themes with pleasant moments of optimism. I am analyzing one of the final scenes in the Dee Rees’s Pariah (2011). The scene [@ 01:15:11] where Alike is reconciling with Arthur, her father, on the rooftop of Laura’s building. The rooftop scene encompasses the beauty of the morals of the narrative really well and at the same time contrasts the dark themes of the film in a manner that compliments the overall aesthetic of the production. The scene’s Mise en Scene sets the tone for the conclusion of the narrative. The scene takes place on the rooftop of Lauras apartment building overlooking the sun setting over Brooklyn. Throughout the film we see Alike deep in thought several times; on the bus, in school, at the club- in all these circumstances the film utilizes dark, incandescent lighting and shadows to extenuate the tone of the emotions and events Alike is reflecting on. In this scene however the lighting comes from the bright, vibrant yellow-orange sunset. The film uses this in order to help visualize an appreciation of Alike’s silver lining; almost as if to say that Alike see’s the art and the beauty that came of her pain and suffering- this is expressed in the poem she reads against the montage of her leaving for California. Alike’s outfit shows a more developed sense of style. This expresses to the audience that she has grown and maturated from the sequence of events that have taken place in the narrative. The social blocking of the conversation between Alike and Arthur brings Arthur down to a more human level. Although Arthur is angled slightly above Alike to maintain his domineering male complex, this is the first time in the film we see him venerable. Alike and Arthur face the opposite direction on an equal plane, this is supposed to demonstrate naturalistic interaction between the two as well as give a sense of the subjective perspective of the film. The cinematography in this scene is utilized to expresses the subjective point of view of Alike. The scene starts with a close up shot of Alike followed by a hand held long shot overlooking the sky Arthur and Laura entering. Shift in focus in depth of field demonstrates the importances of Alike’s line â€Å"I’m not running, I’m choosing,† and Arthur’s reaction to it. We see that Arthur is man enough to accept his daughter for who she is and that he is not going to try to get her to run away from who she is, unlike his wife. The color balances of the yellow/orange spectrum is displayed in an aesthetically pleasing manner to help provide a strong sense of optimism, which is also complimented by the background noise of the wind and birds. The scenes in which Nina and Alike are bonding is a very optimistic time for Alike as well. And in those scenes the yellow/orange color spectrum is used to illustrate this but in a much darker tone. The reason for the darker tone being is that Alike’s optimism was eventually destroyed after Nina tells her she’s â€Å"not really gay. † Therefore, in using brighter tones in the rooftop scene, we get more of a sense of closure as an audience. The rooftop scene encompasses the beauty layered in within the dark ominous narrative of Pariah. The film is very aesthetically pleasing and has many layers to it. It does not follow a formulaic structure like most â€Å"coming of age† films do but instead uses poetry and pays attention to metaphoric details in order to tell Alike’s story. Alike’s growth from the confusion of her sexuality and identity is illustrated eloquently though the use of light, blocking, depth of field, and audio.

Chemical Tests for Biomolecules

Chemical Tests for Biomolecules Kaneshanathan Kumaraguru Contents (jump to) Introduction Objective Materials Methodology Results Discussion Conclusion References Introduction A macromolecule is â€Å"a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetitions of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass† (Jenkins et al., 1996, p.2289). Carbohydrates are made of monosaccharides, which typically consist 5 or 6 carbon straight saturated chain (Bochkov, Zaikov and Afanasiev, 1991, p.2). Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptides which consist of chains of amino acids connected by peptide bonds (Walsh, 2004, p.2). Objective To identify the macromolecules (carbohydrates and proteins) by using various chemical assays. Materials Samples – Glucose, lactose, fructose, starch, sucrose, tyrosin, tryptophan and egg albumin. Reagents – Molish’s reagent, iodine solution, benedict’s solution, barfoed’s reagent, seliwanoff’s reagent, ninhydrin solution and millon’s reagent. Other chemicals – Concentrated H ­2SO4, AgNO3, dilute NaOH, dilute NH4OH, concentrated HNO3, NaNO2/dilute HCl and sulpanilic acid. Equipments – Bunsen burner, pipett, beakers and test tubes. Methodology Tests for carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose and starch). Molisch’s test Using a transfer pipette, 1ml of each carbohydrate solution was poured into five test tubes. Then few drops of Molisch’s reagent was added into each test tube using a transfer pipette and mixed well. Then 2ml of concentrated H2SO4 was added down the sides of the test tubes. Iodine test Using a transfer pipette, 1ml of each carbohydrate solution was poured into five test tubes. Then 3 drops of diluted I2 was added into each test tube using a transfer pipette. Benadict’s test Using a transfer pipette, 5ml of Benadict’s solution was poured into five test tubes. Then 1ml of each carbohydrate solution was added into each test tube using a transfer pipette and was mixed well. Test tubes were then heated in a water bath for 3 minutes. Barfoerd’s test Using a transfer pipette, 1ml of each carbohydrate solution was poured into five test tubes. Then 5ml of Barfoerd’s solution was added into each test tube using a transfer pipette and was mixed well. Test tubes were then heated in a water bath for 3-4 minutes. Seliwanoff’s test Using a transfer pipette, 5ml of Seliwanoff’s reagent was poured into five test tubes. Then 5-6 drops of each carbohydrate solution was added into each test tube using a transfer pipette and was mixed. Test tubes were then heated in a water bath for exactly 30 seconds. Tollen’s test Using a transfer pipette, 1ml of AgNO3 was poured into five test tubes. Then using a transfer pipette, dilute NaOH was added until a slight precipitate was formed. Then dilute NH4OH was added until the precipitate just dissolved. 1ml of each carbohydrate solution was then added into each test tube using a transfer pipette. Test tubes were then heated in a water bath for 5 minutes. Tests for amino acids (tyrosine and tryptophan) and protein (egg albumin). Ninhydrin test Using a transfer pipette, 0.5ml of 0.02% amino acid solutions and protein was poured into three test tubes. Then 1ml of Ninhydrin solution was added into each test tube using a transfer pipette and was heated in a water bath for 3-4 minutes. Xanthoproteic test Using a transfer pipette, 2ml of 0.02% amino acid solutions and protein was poured into three test tubes. Then 2ml of concentrated HNO3 was added into each test tube using a transfer pipette and was heated in a water bath for 1-2 minutes. Millon’s test Using a transfer pipette, 2ml of 0.02% amino acid solutions and protein was poured into three test tubes. Then 3-4 drops of millon’s reagent was added into each test tube using a transfer pipette and was heated in a water bath for 3-4 minutes. Pauly’s test Using a transfer pipette, 1ml of 0.02% amino acid solutions and protein was poured into three test tubes. Then 1ml of sulphanilic acid was added into each test tube using a transfer pipette. 1ml of dilute HCl was then added into three separate test tubes. All six test tubes were kept in ice bath for 3 minutes. Then the amino acids / protein solutions were mixed with 1ml of dilute HCl in the test tubes and were kept in the ice bath again. Few drops of NaOH were then added to the test tubes in the ice bath. Results For carbohydrates Test Compounds Observation Inference Molisch’s test Starch Presence of purple colour ring The compound is a carbohydrate Glucose Presence of purple colour ring The compound is a carbohydrate Fructose Presence of purple colour ring The compound is a carbohydrate Lactose Presence of purple colour ring The compound is a carbohydrate Sucrose Presence of purple colour ring The compound is a carbohydrate Iodine test Starch Presence of blue-black complex The compound is a polysaccharide Glucose Absence of blue-black complex The compound is not a polysaccharide Fructose Absence of blue-black complex The compound is not a polysaccharide Lactose Absence of blue-black complex The compound is not a polysaccharide Sucrose Absence of blue-black complex The compound is not a polysaccharide Benadict’s test Starch Absence of brick-red colour precipitate The compound is a non- reducing sugar Glucose Presence of brick-red colour precipitate The compound is a reducing sugar Fructose Presence of brick-red colour precipitate The compound is a reducing sugar Lactose Presence of brick-red colour precipitate The compound is a reducing sugar Sucrose Absence of brick-red colour precipitate The compound is a non- reducing sugar Barfoerd’s test Starch Absence of red colour precipitate The compound is not a monosaccharide Glucose Presence of red colour precipitate The compound is a monosaccharide Fructose Presence of red colour precipitate The compound is a monosaccharide Lactose Absence of red colour precipitate The compound is not a monosaccharide Sucrose Absence of red colour precipitate The compound is not a monosaccharide Seliwanoff’s test Starch Absence of red colour complex The compound contains an aldehyde group Glucose Absence of red colour complex The compound contains an aldehyde group Fructose Presence of red colour complex The compound contains a ketone group Lactose Absence of red colour complex The compound contains an aldehyde group Sucrose Presence of red colour complex The compound contains a ketone group Tollen’s test Starch Absence of silver mirror The compound is a non- reducing sugar Glucose Presence of silver mirror The compound is a reducing sugar Fructose Presence of silver mirror The compound is a non- reducing sugar Lactose Presence of silver mirror The compound is a reducing sugar Sucrose Absence of silver mirror The compound is a non- reducing sugar For amino acids and protein Test Compounds Observation Inference Ninhydrin test Egg albumin Absence of purple colour complex The compound is not an amino acid Tryptophan Presence of purple colour complex The compound is an amino acid Tyrosin Presence of purple colour complex The compound is an amino acid Xanthoproteic test Egg albumin Absence of yellow colour complex The compound is a protein Tryptophan Presence of bright yellow colour complex The compound is an amino acid Tyrosin Presence of pale yellow colour complex The compound is an amino acid Millon’s test Egg albumin Absence of pink colour precipitate Tryptophan Absence of pink colour precipitate Presence of tyrosin Tyrosin Presence of pink colour precipitate Pauly’s test Egg albumin Absence of red azo dye Tryptophan Presence of red azo dye Presence of tryptophan/ tyrosin/ histodine Tyrosin Presence of red azo dye Figure 1: Molisch’s test: Figure 2: Iodine test: Figure 3: Iodine test: Presence of purple colour ring Presence of blue-black complex Absence of blue-black complex Figure 4: Benedict’s test: Figure 5: Benedict’s test: Figure 6: Barfoerd’s test: Absence of brick red ppt. Presence of brick red ppt. Absence of red ppt. Figure 7: Barfoerd’s test: Figure 8: Seliwanoff’s test: Figure 9: Tollen’s test   Presence of red ppt. Presence of red colour complex Presence of silver mirror Figure 10: Ninhydrin test: Figure 11: Xanthoproteic test: Figure 12: Millon’s test: Presence of purple colour complex Presence of yellow colour complex Presence of pink colour ppt. Figure 13: Pauly’s test: Presence of red azo dye Discussion The principles of each test: In molisch’s test, concentrated sulfuric acid is used to dehydrate the carbohydrates to form 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, which reacts with the ÃŽ ±Ã¢â‚¬â€œnaphthol to give a purple result (Pavia, 2005, p.446). In iodine test, a blue colour is formed when the iodine is absorbed into the open spaces of amylose molecules in starch (Pavia, 2005. p.451). In benedict’s test, the sugar (reducing sugar) gets oxidized and reduces Cu2+ present in the reagent (Raymond, 2010, p.344). Barfoerd’s test is a test unique for monosaccharide, where cupric hydroxide is reduced in acidic medium to give red colour cuprous oxide (Nigam and Ayyagari, 2008, p.25). In seliwanoff’s test, the ketoses are dehydrated to form furfural derivatives which then condense with resorcinol to give a red colour complex (Nigam and Ayyagari, 2008, p.27). In tollen’s test, silver ammonium salt oxidizes the aldehyde to give glucuronide ammonium salt and metallic silver, which gives the silver mirror effect (Brito-Arias, 2007, p.5). In Ninhydrin test, free ÃŽ ±Ã¢â‚¬â€œamino acid radical reacts with ninhydrin to give a blue-violet complex (Malhotra, 2003, p.23). In xanthoproteic test, benzene ring is nitrated with nitric acid which produces a yellow compound (Sim et al., 2008, p.611). In Millon’s test, hydroxybenzene radical of phenolic amino acids (tyrosine) react with millon’s reagent to form a red colour complex (Nigam and Ayyagari, 2008, p.41). In pauly’s test, sulfanilic acid in the reagent gives a diazonium compound in the presence of nitrous acid and hydrochloric acid, which combines with amines and phenols to form coloured azo-compounds (Nigam and Ayyagari, 2008, p.41). Conclusion Macro molecules presence in the given samples was successfully identified by using the given chemical assays. References Bochkov, A.F., Zaikov, G.E. and Afanasiev, V.A (1991) Carbohydrates. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=BmPTDAnsUb0Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=carbohydrateshl=ensa=Xei=bXlKVavSGImTuAS7jYG4CQsqi=2ved=0CCMQuwUwAQ#v=onepageq=carbohydratesf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). Brito-Arias, M. (2007) Synthesis and Characterization of Glycosides. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=X9ZTg47alJkCpg=PA5dq=Tollens+testhl=ensa=Xei=2GhKVY3HOI2QuATD1YF4ved=0CDEQuwUwAw#v=onepageq=Tollens%20testf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). Jenkins, A.D, Kratochvil, P., Stepto, R.F.T. and Suter, U.W. (1996) `Glossary of basic terms in polymer science`, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 68(12), pp. 2287–2311, ISSN [Online]. Available at: http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/pac.1996.68.issue-12/pac199668122287/pac199668122287.xml (Accessed: 6 May 2015). Malhotra, V.K. (2003) Practical Biochemistry for Students. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=LHa1G131MuYCpg=PA23dq=Ninhydrin+testhl=ensa=Xei=GGxKVavVMMSSuATEsYDADwved=0CB4QuwUwAA#v=onepageq=Ninhydrin%20testf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). Nigam, A. and Ayyagari, A. (2008) Lab Manual in Biochemistry: Immunology and Biotechnology. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=Ws570Ql8krACpg=PA25dq=Barfoed%E2%80%99s+testhl=ensa=Xei=i19KVbD7EJWmuQT5joHADAved=0CCEQuwUwAA#v=onepageq=Barfoed%E2%80%99s%20testf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). Nigam and Ayyagari (2008) Lab Manual in Biochemistry: Immunology and Biotechnology. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=Ws570Ql8krACpg=PA27dq=Seliwanoff%E2%80%99s+testhl=ensa=Xei=pWhKVcjcDoyouwSMj4HYCAved=0CB4QuwUwAA#v=onepageq=Seliwanoff%E2%80%99s%20testf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). Nigam, A. and Ayyagari, A. (2008) Lab Manual in Biochemistry: Immunology and Biotechnology. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=Ws570Ql8krACpg=PA41dq=Millon%E2%80%99s+testhl=ensa=Xei=ymxKVeXJH9GKuATY6IGwDQved=0CCoQuwUwAg#v=onepageq=Millon%E2%80%99s%20testf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). Pavia, D.L. (2005) Introduction to organic laboratory techniques: A small scale approach. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=ega5c11VHvkCpg=PA446dq=Molisch%E2%80%99s+testhl=ensa=Xei=rF5KVa39HtHguQSrvIGwCQved=0CCUQuwUwAQ#v=onepageq=Molisch%E2%80%99s%20testf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). Pavia, D.L. (2005) Introduction to organic laboratory techniques: A small scale approach. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=ega5c11VHvkCpg=PA451dq=Iodine+testhl=ensa=Xei=Dl9KVfTcHMuxuAT-roCIDgved=0CB4QuwUwAA#v=onepageq=Iodine%20testf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). Raymond, K.W. (2010) General Organic and Biological Chemistry. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=iIltMoHUtJUCpg=RA1-PA344dq=Benedict%E2%80%99s+testhl=ensa=Xei=NF9KVcvTOMmxuASL9YH4Cwved=0CCcQuwUwAQ#v=onepageq=Benedict%E2%80%99s%20testf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). Sim, K.S., Chin, F.S., Tso, C.P. and Thong, L.W (2008) `Protein identification in latex gloves for bio-compatibility using maximum minimal variation test`, in Osman, N.A.A., Ibrahim, F., Abas, W.A.B.W., Rahman, H.S.A. and Ting, H.N. (ed.) 4th Kuala Lumpur International Conference on Biomedical Engineering 2008. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=sdG-1hN_4TYCpg=PA611dq=Xanthoproteic+testhl=ensa=Xei=gGxKVY3yA9CbuQSa74CwAwved=0CCMQuwUwAQ#v=onepageq=Xanthoproteic%20testf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). Walsh, G. (2004) Proteins: Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=EXTEjL2wTnYCprintsec=frontcoverdq=proteinshl=ensa=Xei=M3pKVdGXJIfGuATTgoCQAQved=0CB4QuwUwAA#v=onepageq=proteinsf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). 1 | Page Chemical Tests for Biomolecules Chemical Tests for Biomolecules INTRODUCTION Biomolecules are complex organic molecules. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus are the atoms that make up most of the biomolecules. These molecules form the basic structure of a living cell. The compounds such as amino acids, nucleotides and monosaccharide’s serve as the building blocks of complex biomolecules. The important biomolecules are proteins, carbohydrates, fats, hormones and nucleic acids (Kimball, 2012). Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are substances which containing the elements carbon hydrogen and oxygen and they have the general formula of Cx (H2O) y. Simple carbohydrates or the entire carbohydrate family may also be called saccharides .They are the most abundant biomolecules belonging to class of organic compounds found in living organisms. The major source of metabolic energy for both animals and plants are carbohydrates (Churms, 1982). Carbohydrates link to with proteins forming glycoproteins and with lipids forming glycolipids. Moreover they are present in DNA and RNA, which are essentially polymers. More than 75% of the dry weight of the plant world is carbohydrate in nature mainly cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin (Reed, 2005). Carbohydrates are classified on the basis of their behavior on hydrolysis. They have been broadly divided into following three groups: Monosaccharide’s, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Polysaccharides. Monosaccharide A carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolyzed further to give simpler unit of polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone is called a monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are single sugars units and there general formula is (CH20) n. Moreover they are colorless, crystalline solids that are freely soluble in water but insoluble in nonpolar solvents. The backbone of monosaccharide is an unbranched carbon chain in which all the carbon atoms are linked by single bonds (GyoÃÅ'ˆrgydeaÃÅ' k and PelyvaÃÅ' s, 1998). One of the carbon atoms is double-bonded to an oxygen atom to form a carbonyl group each of the other carbon atoms has a hydroxyl group. If the carbonyl group is at an end of the carbon chain, the monosaccharide is an aldehyde and is called an aldose, furthermore if the carbonyl group is at any other position the monosaccharide is a ketone and is called ketoses. Glucose, fructose, galactose, and ribose are some examples of monosaccharide. The building blocks of disaccharides like sucrose an d polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch and hemicelluloses are monosaccharide (Ferrier, 1999). Figure 1.1.1 ring structure of monosaccharide molecules. https://www.google.lk/search Figure 1.1.2 monosaccharide molecule showing the aldehyde and ketone group http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/monosacchrides.html Disaccharides A Disaccharide is two monosaccharide units linked by an oxide linkage formed by the loss of a water molecule. Such a linkage between two monosaccharide units through oxygen atom is called glycoside linkage. Three most abundant disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. In Maltose ÃŽ ± (1→4) glycosidic linkage joins two glucose units, this occurs mainly as a breakdown product during digestion of starch by enzymes called amylases (Owusu-Apenten, 2005). Sucrose is the most abundant disaccharide in nature and it’s mostly found in plants which acts a good transport sugar since it is very soluble and can move in very high concentration. In Sucrose the anomeric carbon atoms of a glucose unit and fructose unit are joined. Moreover lactose the disaccharide of milk consists of galactose joined to glucose by ÃŽ ² (1→4) glycosidic linkage (Denniston, Topping and Caret, 2004). In additionally Sucrose and lactose are heterosaccharides and maltose is homosaccharides as we ll as maltose and lactose are reducing sugars. Sucrose is the only common non reducing sugar. Figure 1.3.1 disaccharides are formed by condensation of two monosaccharide. https://www.google.lk/search?q=disaccharideses_sm=122source Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharide joined together by glycosidic bond. They are large, often branched, macromolecules. Their large sizes make them more or less insoluble in water and have no sweet taste (Aspinall, 1982). When all the monosaccharide in a polysaccharide is of the same type, the polysaccharide is called a homopolysaccharide and when more than one type of monosaccharide is present, they are called heteropolysaccharides. Polysaccharides have a general formula Cn (H2O) n-1 where n can be any number between 200 and 2500. Starch glycogen and cellulose are the examples of polysaccharides (Tombs and Harding, 1998). Figure 1.4.1 ring structure of polysaccharides molecules. https://www.google.lk/search?q=polysaccahrideses_sm=122source=lnmstbm=ischsa Proteins Cells are made of protein. Proteins are the most versatile class of molecules in living organisms. All proteins contain C, H, N, O some S, P, Fe, Zn, Cu. Proteins contains 20 different amino acids which are encoded by the genetic code and which constitute the building blocks of the proteins in all living organisms (Walsh, 2002). Each protein species contains one or several polypeptide chains of defined amino acid sequence. Their functions are catalysis, transport, hormones and structure. Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group carboxylic acid group and a side chain. Simple proteins contain only polypeptide chains Proteins can be soluble (globular proteins) and insoluble (myosin, fibrinogen) (Whitford, 2005). Figure 1.5.1 classification of proteins and there structures. https://www.google.lk/search?q=protein structurerevid=120848340tbm OBJECTIVES To distinguish between monosaccharide’s and disaccharides. To differentiate between different types of amino acids. To identify an unknown sample of carbohydrate and amino acid. MATERIALS Albumin solution Arginine solution Barfoed reagent Beakers Benedict’s solution Bunsen burner Burner stand Concentrated sulphuric acid Concentrated nitric acid Copper sulphate Fructose solution Glucose solution Glysin solution Iodine solution Lactose solution Molisch’s reagent Ninhydrin solution Pipettes Seliwanoff’s reagent Sodium hydroxide Starch Sucrose solution Test tubes Tyrosine solution Unknown solutions Water bath TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES METHODOLOGY Molisch’s Test Five test tubes were taken with 1ml of carbohydrate solutions. Few drops of Molisch’s reagent were added to the testubes following with concen.sulphuric acid down the slide of the test tube. The colour change was observed. Iodine test Three drops of Iodine solution was added to each test tube with 1ml of each of the carbohydrate solutions. The colour change was observed. Benedict’s test 1ml of each carbohydrate solutions was taken in five test tubes.5ml of Benedict’s reagent was added to all three test tubes. All five test tubes were placed in a water bath and heated for two minutes. The colour change was observed. Barfoed test 5ml of Barfoed reagent was added with 1 ml of carbohydrate solutions. Test tubes were placed in water bath and heated for five minutes. The colour change was observed. Seliwanoff test 1ml of each carbohydrate solution was added to the test tubes following with 4ml of Seliwanoff reagent. The test tubes were placed in the water bath and heated to two to three minutes. The colour change was observed. Two unknown samples were taken in a test tubes and labeled A and B. Sample A was added to two test tubes. To the sample A the Iodine reagent was added and the colour change was observed. The Benedict’s reagent was added to the sample A of another test tube and was heated in general flame for two minutes and the colour change was observed. The sample B was added to four test tubes. One drop of Iodine reagent was added to the sample B test tube and colour change was observed following with Benedict’s reagent, Barfoed reagent and the Seliwanoff reagent were added to the remaining test tubes with sample B and was heated in the water bath for three minutes and the colour change was observed. TEST FOR AMINO ACID METHODOLOGY Ninhydrin test 1ml of Ninhydrin solution was added into 0.5 ml of 0.02 % amino acid solution in four test tubes. The test tubes were placed in water bath and heated for three to four minutes. The colour change was observed. Xanthoproteic Test 2ml of conc. Nitric acid was added to 2ml of 0.02% amino acid solution in four test tubes. The test tubes were placed in water bath for two minutes and the colour change was observed. Millon’s Test Four drops of Millon’s reagent was added into 2ml of 0.02% of amino acid solution in four test tubes. The test tubes were placed in water bath for four minutes and the colour change was observed. Biurete Test 3ml of 10% of sodium hydroxide was added drop wise to 1% of copper sulphate. The colour change was observed. Two unknown samples were taken in test tubes and labeled C and D. Sample C was added into two test tubes. To the sample C the Biurete reagent was added and the colour change was observed. The Millon’s reagent was added to the sample C of another test tube and was heated in general flame for two minutes and the colour change was observed. The sample D was also added into two test tubes. Biurete reagent was added to the sample B test tube and colour change was observed. Besides Millon’s reagent were added to the remaining test tube with sample B and was heated in the water bath for three minutes and the colour change was observed. RESULTS Test for carbohydrates Test for amino acids DISCUSSION In Molisch’s test all the carbohydrate solution gave a positive result, so as it’s a general test to confirm the molecule is carbohydrate. Iodine test is performed to separate the polysaccharide from monosaccharide and disaccharide as a result in this test only starch gave a positive result since its unbranched molecule. Glucose has a free aldehyde group and fructose has a free ketone group. Thus they react with Benedicts reagent and reduce it to form a reddish orange colour, which is a positive indication of Benedicts reaction .The copper (II) ions in the Benedicts solution are reduced to Copper (I) ions, which causes the colour change. Complex carbohydrates such as starches do not react positive with the Benedicts test. Buiret solution is a blue liquid that changes to purple when proteins are present and to pink in the presence of short chains of polypeptides. The cause of this colour change is because of the copper atom of the Biuret solution reacts with the peptide bonds. Avoid spilling Ninhydrin solutions on your skin, as the resulting stains are difficult to remove. When handling with Concentrated Sulphuric acid wear safety garments to avoid Sulphuric acid getting on self. Do not over heat the amino solutions in water bath since all the proteins may denature moreover colour change cannot be observed. CONCLUSION The unknown solution A is sucrose and it’s a non reducing sugar since in Iodine and Benedict’s test it showed a negative result where there was no colour change in addition to unknown solution B is glucose which is a reducing sugar because in Iodine and Seliwanoff test it gave a negative result remaining colourless and in Benedict’s and Barfoed test it gave a positive result changing its colour from green precipitate to reddish colour solution concluding solution B is glucose. The unknown solution C is protein since positive result was obtained and the solution turned pink in Biurete and Millon’s reagent along with the solution D is an amino acid because it remained colourless in Millon’s test and turned light blue in Biurete test resulting both in negative. References Aspinall, G. (1982). The Polysaccharides. 1st ed. New York: Academic Press. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 3rd July 2014). Churms, S. (1982). Carbohydrates. 1st ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 3rd July 2014). Denniston, K., Topping, J. and Caret, R. (2004). General, organic, and biochemistry. 1st ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 3rd July 2014). Ferrier, R. (1999). Carbohydrate chemistry. 1st ed. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 3rd July 2014). GyoÃÅ'ˆrgydeaÃÅ' k, Z. and PelyvaÃÅ' s, I. (1998). Monosaccharide sugars. 1st ed. San Diego: Academic Press. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 3rd July 2014). Kimball, L. (2012). Biomolecules. 1st ed. Delhi: Research World. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 3rd July 2014). Owusu-Apenten, R. (2005). Introduction to food chemistry. 1st ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 4th July 2014). Reed, D. (2005). Biomolecular archaeology. 1st ed. Carbondale: Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 3rd July 2014). Tombs, M. and Harding, S. (1998). An introduction to polysaccharide biotechnology. 1st ed. London: Taylor Francis. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 4th july2014). Walsh, G. (2002). Proteins. 1st ed. Chichester: J. Wiley. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 6th July 2014). Whitford, D. (2005). Proteins. 1st ed. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley Sons. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 6th July 2014).

Real Estate Bubble and Financial Crisis

Real Estate Bubble and Financial Crisis Introduction The most significant economic event in 1990s was the Financial Crisis in East Asian, which also affected the world economy in the next few decades. People probably question the specificity of the East Asian Crisis. Radelet and Sachs (1998.p.1) gave a response to this question: The East Asian financial crisis is remarkable in several ways. The crisis has hit the most rapidly growing economies in the world. It has prompted the largest financial bailouts in history. It is the sharpest financial crisis to hit the developing world since the 1982 debt crisis. It is the least anticipated financial crisis in years. In my view, Asian financial crisis is triggered by real estate bubbles. This paper is organized around the topic the collapse of real estate bubble causes Financial Crisis as below. Section 1 introduces what is real estate bubble; what are the factors inducing the occurrence of a real estate bubble; and by what measurements to identify this phenomenon. Then, Section 2 discusses the effects of real estate bubble in Financial Crisis reflect in different approaches: theoretical economic approach statistical data and historical facts. In conclusion, besides summarize the main idea of the overall contents, the exposure of the limitation of the theoretical economic approach will be mentioned. Real estate bubble The real estate bubble, also known as property or housing bubble is considered as an economic bubble, which is also a cyclical phenomenon occurs in the local or worldwide real estate market. Its prime feature is that the valuation of housing is growing swiftly, however, once the peoples financial situation and economic indicators unable to sustain such upward trend of price that follows the collapse of housing pricing. That implies a negative equity in investment for the proprietors. (Investor Dictionary. Com) There are several factors that induce the burst of the real estate bubble in Asia from 1997 to 1998. The following focuses on several main reasons: An excessive support of bank lending The developers are unable to cope with the investment of the real estate based on their own capital due to the function of this industry-capital-intensive. Thus, bank lending becomes a major source of funds. Before the mid-90s, the Asian real estate is fairly booming. However, because of the lack of a formal system of banking supervision, banks competed for developers by lowering interest rate. (Koh, Mariano, Pavlov, Phang, Tan and Wachter, 2004) Governments improper macro-guidance and control Government intervention influences the real estate bubble in two perspectives: On the one hand, the land market and economic system is not mature or perfect enough. On the other hand, it is the limitation of the land resources and the market mechanism. Therefore, inappropriate regulation contributes to the growing of the real estate bubble. (An International Comparison of the Real Estate Bubble, 2009) Some other reasons For example, the relaxed financial environment; excess international capital flows (An International Comparison of the Real Estate Bubble, 2009); excessive amount of house ownership; speculate in purchasing; and bad lending practice ( Merriam, 2009) When economists acknowledge the reasons of bubble burst, they strive to distinguish the breading real estate bubble by the measurements of financial ratios and economic indicators. That aims to prevent the bubble burst. Housing affordability index Monthly housing affordability index (HAI) is a method to identify whether housing is becoming more or less affordable for the typical household. The HAI incorporated changes in key variables affecting affordability: housing prices, interest rates, and income. The formula is: HAI= (Median Family Income/Qualifying Income)*100% HAI ratio denotes the level of affordability. When HAI ratio is high, more people are able to buy a house. (Dr. Econ, 2003) This index facilitates banks to adjust fiscal policy. Assumed that the HAI is high, banks probably adopt liberal policies to extend loans, such as decrease the lending rates. Price to earnings ratio The real estate price to earnings ratio (P/E ratio) is the basic measurement to evaluate the comparatively assessment of the equities. This ratio is determined by three factors: The price of purchasing a house; the price of renting a house; and the spending on renting a house. The formula is: Real Estate P/E Ratio: House price/ (RentExpenses) This ratio provides an intuitive analysis that how purchasing houses restricts other family expenses. (The Real Estate Bubble in the 2000s-Housing Market Indicators, n.d.) Give an example of Washington DC House P/E ratio, which provides an integrated thinking about how purchase interacts with rent. The graph below states a rapidly grow in the ratios, which implies that the speed of raising purchasing price is extremely faster than that of renting price. It seems that such increasing trend will lead to real estate bubble, if none approaches is using to control it. (Eric, 2006) Some other financial ratios or economic indicators: Such as real estate price to rent ratio; gross rental yield; ownership ratio; housing debt to income ratio; housing debt to equity ratio; or deposit to income ratio. (The Real Estate Bubble in the 2000s-Housing Market Indicators, n.d.) Real estate bubble cause Asian Financial Crisis The growing booming economy of Southeast Asia is known as the the tiger economies between the late 90s and early 20s. Counties in Southeast Asia such as Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, South Korea and Hong Kong (China) were regarded as the states with the most remarkable economic growth worldwide. According to the Gross Domestic Product, it seems that economies of these states increased by 6% to 9% annually. However, good times do not last long, from June 1997 to January 1998, the burst of financial crisis this Asian miracle was dashed to the ground. In the end of 1997, collapses of the stock and currency markets in these state occurred frequently, then, at the beginning of 1998, the stock market lost more than 70% of their profits. (Hill, n.d.) In the economy system, real estate, compare with other sectors, it is the most highly leverage sector that cause a financial crisis of the utmost probability. The increasingly compound of issues or difficulties lead to the real estate deviates from the normal development. That not only generates a breeding ground of the real estate bubble, but also potential risks for financial crisis. Because of the rapidly decrease of real estate price, there was a disastrous loss of bank lending in some Asian countries, which also affects the current monetary assets. (Lanka Rating Agency Limited, n.d.) There is a theoretical economic approach (Koh, Mariano, Pavlov, Phang, Tan, and Wachter, 2006) that analysis the correlation between the return of real estate and the fluctuation in the spreading of bank loans. If the numerical value of the correlation is below zero, which indicates a phenomenon of under pricing, which prick up the exacerbation of financial crisis. This assumption could be explained though a formula, that calculates the housing price for trade: P=V () M (, s ()) +B Here are the meanings that each symbol denotes: V denotes the basic valuation of a house; M denotes the valuation of bank lending for having a mortgage on a house and the par valuation of bank lending for having a mortgage on a house with certain deposit rate; denotes the intending fluctuating level of a house; s denotes spreading of the bank loan according to certain deposit rate. Assumed that set an accurate price for mortgage, a houses marketable valuation is equivalent to par valuation, in addition, price for trade is equivalent to the basic valuation of a house. Suppose that is an independent variable, while s is a dependent variable, thus: 0 = 0 is equivalent to zero, as the spreading of the bank loan modulates according to recoup the bank for the transformations in the value as a result of the put option is included in the mortgage lending. When is equivalent to zero, it means the transformations in the growing fluctuating level of a house ( is completely spread round. However, when is below zero, it means the intending fluctuating level of a house ( has an impact on the covariance of the house return with the market. When the house price changes in response to the spreading: = 0 ; = 0 ; 0 Thus, if the growing fluctuating level of a house ( is completely spread round, then the correlation between the house price for trade and the spreading of bank loan is equivalent to zero. Furthermore, if this correlation influences the covariance between the house and the whole market is influences, it on the verge of zero. From another point of view, assumed that the spreading of the bank loan transforms according to under price rather than the intending fluctuating level of a house (, the house price changes in response to the spreading is completely distinctive: = 0; = 0; and 0 Therefore, correlation between the house price for trade and the spreading of bank loan is below zero, as following equations: = ) ) 0 These two distinctive house prices which are influenced by default spreading generate an appropriate effect of under price: Under pricing of the default risk in non-recourse lending produces a negative correlation between asset returns and changes in the default spread. Correctly pricing the default risk in non-recourse lending produces no correlation between asset returns and changes in the default spread. Countries that experience under pricing, experience larger market crashes following negative demand shocks. On the base of this theoretical economic approach, we could analyze the practical cases, in 1997 Asian Financial crisis, to support the idea that the collapse of real estate bubble causes Financial Crisis The financial crisis was began from Thailand and then extended over the whole Asian even the whole world. During that period, the characteristic of its economy is overheating with a deficit of 8% in 1997. The valuation of housing increased swiftly and collapsed swiftly. The main element that generated difficulties for financial institutions was the loans to real estate. (Hunter, Kaufman, and Krueger, 1999) According to the data from the Investment Property Databank , (Koh, Mariano, Pavlov, Phang, Tan, and Wachter, 2006) the figure below is obtained. Based on the theoretical economic approach, the numerical value of correlation below zero will lead to a result of under pricing. Such under price may cause a great amount loss of funds, which will finally deteriorate into a financial crisis. From the above figure, Thailand is the typical example that explains the real estate bubble causes financial crisis. At the beginning of the 1990s, a massive amount of foreign funds continued to flow in the Asia market until the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis started. During that period, the lower deposit interest rate in the country encouraged people to seek investment channels with higher return. Meanwhile, foreign funds benefited the growing of the real estate industry. Additionally, because bank expanded the total amount of lending though decreasing the lending rate, under pricing became uncontrollable. (Koh, Mariano, Pavlov, Phang, Tan, and Wachter, 2006) In the In 1996, Thailand loaned to the real estate sector US $160 billion, which accounted for 30% to 40% of the total lending. (Mera and Renaud, 2000) The figure below illustrates the amount of funds finance companies lend to industries related to the real estate and manufacturing from 1987 to 1996 in Thailand. It is obviously that the loans to real estate sector rapidly grew between 1989 and 1990, after that the percentage of real estate loan to the total loan maintained at a relative high level, which was between 20% and 30%. (Source: Bank of Thailand) Another support case is Malaysia. Between 1992 and 1996, over 70% of the bank lending was invested in real estate sector and stock market. (Mera and Renaud, 2000) The massive amount of funds injected into the real estate industries lead to a rapidly increase in GDP in that period. It is the fact that GDP increased by 40%, 62% 115% and 70% in Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand respectively, that was much greater than that in Germany (19%), United Kingdom(16%) and United States (21.5%). However, this accelerated the formation of the Asian real estate bubble. (Koh, Mariano, Pavlov, Phang, Tan, and Wachter, 2006) It shown in the below figure that Malaysia, Philippine, and Singapore also generated an negative correlation before the occurrence of financial crisis Conclusion To summarize this paper, at the beginning a briefly introduction of the real state bubble is given. In this part it includes the definition, the reasons for breeding real state bubble, for example banks compete by lower lending interest rates to excessive support the real estate industry, and governments improper macro-guidance and control. Follow that are the measurements of financial ratios and economic indicators, such as housing affordability index and price to earnings ratio, which benefit to identify the signal of bubble burst. The most important part in the paper is to analyze the relationship between the real estate bubble and the financial crisis to produce a result that the real estate bubble is a factor that triggers the start of the Asian financial crisis. A theoretical economic approach is given with some statistical data, figure and real facts of Asian financial crisis. However, there some limitations in this theoretical economic approach, that do not agree with the reality. In the above figure, Hongkong and Japan generate positive correlation, according to theory this do not according with under pricing lead to financial crisis. The fact is that Japan is a typical example to illustrate that governmental action has negative impacts on the real estate industries. The Nikkei 225 index increased rapidly from 10000 to 38916 (peak value) between 1985 and 1989. Facing this, the manager of the Bank of Japan focused on dealing with the inflation rather than shrinking monetary policy, which reflected a decrease trend in housing price. The real estate bubble burst. (Frankel and Tschoegl, 1993) This is one of the limitations of the economic approach, which need further improve.

Essay --

The Protestant Reformation and Its Impact on European Society Martin Luther was born in 1483 in Eiselben, Germany. He originally intended to pursue a career in law, but changed his path to theology after surviving a dangerous lightning storm. As a monk, he wrestled with his conflicting views in faith. During his time in an Augustinian monastery, he began to develop a belief that God was cruel for requiring him to devote so much effort into living a pious life. Luther soon began to believe that God was directly connected with people and that actions did not lead to salvation. During his lifetime, a philosophy known as Renaissance Humanism had been developing. It called for researching the original sources of records as well as empowering all humans. He established his theological beliefs by studying the Bible directly instead of following Catholic tradition. The act of going back to the source of information was part of Humanist philosophy. Luther then translated the source of The Bible into vernacular, which went along with another Humanist ide a of educating the common person. Luther became a professor in Wittenberg, Germany in 1508. There he attempted to institute Humanist philosophy as the basis of academics instead of the Medieval Scholasticism, which was the established teaching style of the time. Scholasticism was set up by the Church as a teaching style for Universities around 400 years prior and eventually became an attempt to reconcile Christian doctrine and ancient Greek philosophy. Luther ultimately became critical of many of the traditions in the Church and his objections spread throughout Europe, starting with his 95 Theses in 1517. Although he originally was only interested in intellectual discussion, Luther became ... ...he Anabaptists represented a more extreme side of the Reformation. Among their views were adult baptism and separation of church and state. The Anabaptists were persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants, though they survived in Northern Germany and the Netherlands. These many divisions in Christianity likely would not have formed if Luther did not raise his questions against the Church. Science in Europe could develop more easily as people were not as restricted by the Church’s authority. The Catholic Church was not against science, but it had adopted old Greek methods, which were reconciled with Christianity by Aquinas, to become the accepted philosophy of the Church. This paradigm was part of the traditional Scholasticism method of critical thought and, because it was the established teaching and learning style of the Church, few desired to go against it.

The Role of Teachers in Preventing Child Abuse :: Schools Role in Preventing Child Abuse

There are various strategies used within schools to tackle child abuse. In order to discuss the strategies fully there is a need to define what exactly is meant by child abuse. It is also necessary to be aware of what advice and guidance there is offered through Government documentation and circulars to schools on their role in preventing child abuse. Having put child abuse and the school's role into context, then the strategies used by the school as a whole and by the teacher within the classroom can be discussed. Therefore what exactly is meant by child abuse? There is a tendency to automatically assume that abuse means sexual abuse. The 1986 draft report by the Department of Social Security [DHSS], Child Abuse - Working Together defined child abuse as falling into six categories: physical abuse, physical neglect, failure to thrive, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and potential abuse. The present definition for child abuse according to Department for Education and Skills [DfES] Circular 10/95 has been narrowed down to include only four categories: Ø sexual abuse -physical signs or a substantial behaviour change Ø emotional abuse -excessive dependence or attention seeking Ø physical abuse - regular broken bones, bruises, lacerations and burns Ø physical neglect - inadequate clothing, poor growth, hunger, or apparent deficient nutrition These are the guidelines from which schools work. However, what we as a society perceive as abuse may in other cultures/societies be seen as normal practice. There are many cultures for example where young girls, twelve years of age are taken as brides. Much publicity has been given recently to the plight of Muslim women under the Taliban regime. Females have been treated as property, not as equal citizens and suffered as a consequence. The guideline produced by Liverpool City Council for its schools actually contains within it a policy on female genital mutilation [Liverpool City Council, 2000]. This form of 'abuse seems totally abhorrent to our society, but again is an accepted form of behaviour by other

My Favorite Place to Vacation

Attitude/Point: Others will feel the same way about their favorite place to visit for their own specific reasons. and I have noticed that most people visit places because of the weather, and the stress relief you get when you take a vacation.Audience: Individuals or families who are looking for a serene place to vacation to or visit. People who vacation frequently or retirees would benefit from this.Purpose: I will be sharing this opinion to inform the reader of fond memories that can be obtained by visiting Southport and the pleasurable atmosphere.Topic Sentence: My favorite place to visit is Southport, North Carolina because it has relaxing beaches, great weather, and the people there are friendly.Brainstorm List of Possible Examples:Able to read booksClear mind by gazing out into the waterCool breeze throughout the day and nightLocals speak each time you come into contactSentence Outline:My favorite place to visit is Southport, North Carolina because it has relaxing beaches, great weather, and the people there are friendly. To start with, Southport has one of the most relaxing beaches; it helps people relieve stress and focus. For instance, during the school year I am living in the mountains of North Carolina, which can be a very stressful and demanding of me; nonetheless during my summer break I can be found in Southport at the beach.When I finally get to Southport, on the beach, I just lie out in the sun and gaze out at the water and read books, without a care or thought entering my brain. Southport is also my favorite place to  visit because of the weather being so pleasant; it is not to hot but also not to cold.For example, each day during the summer though it is rather warm there is always a cool breeze that will change your entire attitude about the day and the temperature. Lastly, I like to visit Southport because the people are so welcoming, which makes it so much more enjoyable and serene.Each and every time I go on a walk or bike ride, everyone i s continuously speaking to you and have a word or two more to say. The locals are always walking around with a smile willing to engage in any way to help. In a nutshell, even though I only visit Southport during the summer this is why it is my favorite place to vacation.

Career Counselling and Development

In the New Careering Model, Miller-Tiedeman uses case studies and discussion points throughout the text journey to help both professionals and students learn practical application. In the book by Miller – Tiedeman, historical events, models, and comparison charts are punctuated all throughout lending a global perspective to the New Careering model. The visual Pythagorean wheel blueprinting the spectrum of living harmonies activates different dimensions of awareness and possibilities for life. This model is ideal for use in the classrooms (Mahoney, 2007). The book includes end-of-chapter questions, in-class exercises, and potential homework projects. The book appropriate for beginning counsellor education courses, entrepreneurial classes in business administration, career classes in other disciplines, church groups, pastoral counselling classes, and support/study groups. While many career counselling models have focused almost entirely on practical methods aimed at occupation with little attention to the process nature of life, Miller – Tiedeman outlines a creative approach that advocates a theory of life, not job, as career. Focus is centred on a three-fold approach of thinking, feeling, and willing of the career theory of the individual, by addressing logical, emotional, and spiritual aspects as cited in the book. In a global and human perspective, Miller – Tiedeman illustrates, through detail of theory, a broader view of career places in which individuals can connect with their deeper spiritual selves. This book by Miller – Tiedeman unfolds into three major components such as Learning the New Careering: The â€Å"What† Question; Practicing the New Careering: The â€Å"How† Question; and the Living the New Careering: The â€Å"Why† Question. Through this journey of introspection and a myriad of careering principles, the reader is able to ask about his/her own life direction. Miller – Tiedeman helps guide the question, â€Å"Does one’s life compass mostly toward job and things, or is it toward the journey as a whole?† Every chapter ends with discussion questions that evoke powerful inquiries into one’s complete approach to life and career. The book by Miller – Tiedeman is highly detailed and theory focused. One theory, in particular, The Pythagorean model — a spectrum of living harmonies — illustrates different dimensions of awareness and possibilities for life, and demonstrates how the nine power streams of focused energy through different parts of ourselves: i.e., the body, emotions, mind, will, intuitive thoughts and feelings, make up our complete life and career backdrop. Nine primary energies suggest nine basic power streams that are universal and available in every person’s life. The nine power streams outlined include the power stream of close relationship, initiative, artistic creativity, freedom, achievement, sociability, life experience, inner wisdom, humanitarian service will to power. Miller – Tiedeman met every objective in outlining in detail many of the aspects of New Careering and how it relates to the human elements of life. I highly recommend this book for anyone and everyone connecting with people for career, life, and inner growth as well as for career direction from a holistic or whole-life approach. Bearing of the Quantum Theory on Career Counselling The New Careering method, based on the principle of flow, much like nature, uses as its foundation ideas from a broad range of theories including Quantum physics. It is said that change need not occur linearly, but rather can be discontinuous – a â€Å"quantum leap.† In counselling, clients should be prepared for â€Å"quantum† shifts at times from the impact of even minor influences–like those at time produced from values clarification exercises. The quantum theory was asserting that the character of nature was essentially mental. The quantum theory was merely a tool for making predictions about experiences. The same line of thinking has led a serious attempt by to bring human conscious experience into the quantum mechanical description of nature (Bozarth, 1985). Decision-making Process Decision-making process is usually approach as an outcome of a long, continuous cognitive processes that may result to the selection of a course(s) of action among several alternatives. This process leads to a final choice, action or an opinion, among the alternatives (Reason, 1990). The decision-making process is integrated in the interaction with the environment (Kahneman, 2000). It is a problem solving process that is halted upon arrival to a sound solution to the problem. It can be rational or irrational. It can be based on explicit or tacit assumptions. My own style of decision-making could greatly influence the way I counsel. This is because my style of arriving at a decision and my way of resolving issues will be carried on how a client and I will arrive at a course of action(s) for the client’s case at hand. I might help a client who comes to me for help with making career-related decisions by drawing out various alternatives then at the end of it, allowing the client to choose the best option that the client thinks best fit. Issues Explored on the Client in the Vignette and the Envisioned Counselling Process 1. Identify the need for counselling In this vignette, it is evident that there is a need for focused, two-way communication with the client. There are several issues explored from the vignette on the client named Bridget, a thirty (30) years old senior college student who is raised from dairy farm in a small town in the New York State. According to Bridget, none of her siblings attended college. That is, after high school Bridget was eager to become financially independent and worked for a few years as a cashier at K-Mart near her hometown. Bridget eventually decided to major in biology in a college in Kansas. In that school, she got a 3.0 average. It was at this period when Bridget felt anxious about graduating and leaving her comfortable niche in school. That time, Bridget was not sure about what to do with her life. She also thought that the job market in both Kansas and nearby towns is rather limited. That time, Bridget’s former supervisor at K-Mart would be willing to give her a job as manager. However, Bridget felt that despite the pay check, getting that managerial job would be like she had never gone to college at all. 2.Prepare for counselling To prepare for counselling, select a suitable place. Schedule counselling in an environment that minimizes interruptions. This environment has to be free from distracting sights and sounds. Schedule the time. When possible, counsel a subordinate during the duty day. Counselling after duty hours may be rushed or perceived as unfavourable. The length of time required for counselling depends on the complexity of the issue. Generally a counselling session should last less than an hour. If you need more time, schedule a second session. Additionally, select a time free from competition with other activities and consider what has been planned after the counselling session. Important events can distract a subordinate from concentrating on the counselling. Notify the client well about the scheduled counselling in advance. For a counselling session to be a subordinate-centred, two-person effort, the subordinate must have time to prepare for it. The subordinate should know why, where, and when the counselling will take place. Counselling following a specific event should happen as close to the event as possible. However, for performance or professional development counselling, subordinates may need a week or more to prepare or review specific products, such as support forms or counselling records Organize information. Solid preparation is essential to effective counselling. Review all pertinent information. This includes the purpose of the counselling, facts and observations about the subordinate, identification of possible problems, main points of discussion, and the development of a plan of action. Focus on specific and objective behaviors that the subordinate must maintain or improve as well as a plan of action with clear, obtainable goals. Outline the counselling session components. Using the information obtained, determine what to discuss during the counselling session. Note what prompted the counselling, what you aim to achieve, and what your role as a counsellor is. Identify possible comments or questions to help you keep the counselling session subordinate-centred and help the subordinate progress through its stages. Although you never know what a subordinate will say or do during counselling, a written outline helps organize the session and enhances the chance of positive results. Plan the counselling strategy. The right atmosphere promotes two-way communication between a leader and subordinate. To establish a relaxed atmosphere, you may offer the subordinate a seat or a cup of coffee. You may want to sit in a chair facing the subordinate since a desk can act as a barrier. Some situations make an informal atmosphere inappropriate. For example, during counselling to correct substandard performance, you may direct the subordinate to remain standing while you remain seated behind a desk. This formal atmosphere, normally used to give specific guidance, reinforces the leader’s rank, position in the chain of command, and authority. Establish the right atmosphere. The right atmosphere promotes two-way communication between a leader and subordinate. To establish a relaxed atmosphere, you may offer the subordinate a seat or a cup of coffee. You may want to sit in a chair facing the subordinate since a desk can act as a barrier. Some situations make an informal atmosphere inappropriate. For example, during counselling to correct substandard performance, you may direct the subordinate to remain standing while you remain seated behind a desk. This formal atmosphere, normally used to give specific guidance, reinforces the leader’s rank, position in the chain of command, and authority. 3. Conduct counselling During the conduct of counselling, opening the session should be in a manner that would make the client at ease with the activity. Her stories should be carefully listened to, giving particular attention to the details of her case. There is a need to observe Bridget’s behaviour and performance. The issues will be discussed one by one. Then Bridget’s case will be compared to the standard. Then develop the plan of action. After careful analysis, feedback(s) will be provided to Bridget in the form of counselling. Recording and closing the session should be done in order to deliver an efficient counselling work that entails exploration of Bridget’s case, understanding and resolving the issues. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Follow up After the implementation of the plan of action, the results have to be evaluated. During the evaluation, the plan of action has to be reviewed with the client to determine if the desired results were achieved. This evaluation session gives relevant data and information for future follow-up counselling activities. References Bozarth, J. D. (1985). Quantum theory and the person-centered approach. Journal of Counseling and Development. Special issue, 64(3),179-182. Kahneman, Daniel and Tversky, Amos. 2000. Choice, Values, Frames. The Cambridge University Press. Mahoney, Moira. 2007. Review: Learning, Practicing, and Living in the New Careering. Career Planning and Adult Development Network. Unite Media Group, Inc.   http://www.careertrainer.com/Request.jsp?nView=PrintArticle&Article=OID%3A52982. Miller – Tiedeman, Anna. Learning, Practicing, and Living the New Careering. Reason, James. 1990. Human Error. Ashgate..